Cook Islands Māori

Cook Islands Māori
Māori, Maori Kuki Airani, Māori Kūki ʻĀirani
Native to	Cook Islands, New Zealand
Region	Polynesia
Native speakers	13,620 in Cook Islands, 96% of ethnic population (2011 census)[1] 7,725 in New Zealand, 12% of ethnic population (2013)[2]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Polynesian Eastern Polynesian Tahitic Cook Islands Māori
Official status
Official language in	Cook Islands
Regulated by	Kopapa Reo
Language codes
ISO 639-2	rar
ISO 639-3	Variously: rar – Rarotonga pnh – Tongareva (Penrhyn) rkh – Rakahanga-Manihiki
Glottolog	raro1241  Southern Cook Island Maori penr1237  Māngarongaro raka1237  Rakahanga-Manihiki
ELP	Southern Cook Islands Maori
IETF	rar-CK mi-CK
Cook Islands Māori is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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Cook Islands Māori is an Eastern Polynesian language that is the official language of the Cook Islands. Cook Islands Māori is closely related to New Zealand Māori, but is a distinct language in its own right. Cook Islands Māori is simply called Māori when there is no need to disambiguate it from New Zealand Māori, but it is also known as Māori Kūki ʻĀirani (or Maori Kuki Airani) or, controversially,^[3] Rarotongan. Many Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".

Official status

Cook Islands Māori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003; from 1915 until then, English had been the only official language of the Cook Islands.

Te Reo Maori Act definition

The Te Reo Maori Act 2003 states that Māori:^[4]

1. means the Māori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and
2. Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and
3. Includes Māori that conforms to the national standard for Māori approved by Kopapa Reo.

Pukapukan is considered by scholars and speakers alike to be a distinct language more closely related to Samoan and Tokelauan than Cook Islands Māori. It belongs to the Samoic subgroup of the Polynesian language family. The intention behind including Pukapukan in the definition of Te Reo Maori was to ensure its protection.

The dialects^[5] of the East Polynesian varieties of the Cook Islands (collectively referred to as Cook Islands Māori) are:

• Rakahanga-Manihiki
• Penrhyn (Tongarevan or Mangarongaro);^[6]
• Southern: Rarotongan, Ngā Pū Toru (the dialects of Ātiu, Mitiʻāro and Maʻuke), Aitutaki, Mangaia.

Cook Islands Māori is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with both of these languages.

The language is theoretically regulated by the Kōpapa reo māori board created in 2003, but this organisation is currently dormant.

Writing system and pronunciation

There is a debate about the standardisation of the writing system. Although the usage of the macron (־) te makarona and the glottal stop amata (ʻ) (/ʔ/) is recommended, most speakers do not use the two diacritics in everyday writing. The Cook Islands Māori Revised New Testament uses a standardised orthography (spelling system) that includes the diacritics when they are phonemic but not elsewhere.^{[citation needed]}

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	ŋ
Plosive	p	t	k	ʔ
Tap		ɾ
Fricative	f[a] v	s[b]		h[c]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Close-mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Grammar

Cook Islands Māori is an isolating language with very little morphology. Case is marked by the particle that initiates a noun phrase, and like most East Polynesian languages, Cook Islands Māori has nominative-accusative case marking.

The unmarked constituent order is predicate initial: that is, verb initial in verbal sentences and nominal-predicate initial in non-verbal sentences.

Personal pronouns

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st inclusive	au	tāua	tātou1
1st exclusive		māua	mātou2
2nd	koe	kōrua	kōtou
3rd	aia	rāua	rātou

1. you -2 or more- and I
2. they and I

Singular pronoun examples

Pronoun	Cook Islands Maori	English	Word-to-word and gloss
au	Ka ʻaere au ki te ʻāpiʻi āpōpō listenⓘ	I'm going to school tomorrow.	(unaccomplished asp.)/ go / I / (prep. goal/destination) / the / learn / tomorrow
	Ka ʻārote au inanaʻi, nō te ua rā, kua ʻakakore au	I was going to do the ploughing yesterday, but gave it up because of the rain.	(unaccomplished asp.) / plough / I / yesterday / because (origin) / the / rain / day /(perfect asp.) / give up (litt. "do nothing") /I
koe	Kua kino iā koe tō mātou mōtokā	You damaged our car.	(perfect asp.) / bad / by / you /(possession)/we (exclusive) /car
	Ko koe ʻoki, te tangata tā te ʻakavā e kimi nei	You are the person the police are looking for.	(subject marker) / you / also / the / man / (possession) / the / police / (progressive asp. with "nei") /look for/here and now.
aia	ʻEaʻa ʻaia i ʻaere mai ei	Why did he/she come?	why (ʻeaʻa... ei) / he or she / (accomplished asp) / go / towards me /
	Kāre ʻaia i konei	He/she is not here.	(negation asp.) / he or she / (marking position) / here

Dual pronoun examples

Pronoun	Cook Islands Maori	English	Word-to-word and gloss
Tāua	ʻaere tāua !	Let us go!	go / we two (inclusive)
	Ko tō tāua taeake tērā ake	Here come our friends.	(subject marker) / (possession) / we two (inclusive) / friend or relative of the same generation (brother, sister, cousin either sex) speaking, but not in laws./ that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance)away
we two, us two (he/she and I)	Ka ʻoki māua ko Taria ki te kāinga listenⓘ	Taria and I are going back home.	(unaccomplished asp.)/ return / we two (exclusive) / with / Taria/ (prep. goal)/ the / home
	To tāua taeake tērā ake	Here come our friends.	(subject marker) / possession / we two (exclusive) / friend / that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance away)
Kōrua : you two	ʻāe ! kua rongo kōrua i te nūti!	Hey! Have you heard the news?	hey (interj) / (perfect asp.) / hear / you two / (object marker) / the / news /
	Na kōrua teia puka	This book belongs to you two.	(Possession) / you two / this (deictic) / book
Rāua : they, them (the two of them)	Tuatua muna tēia, ka akakite ʻua atu au kia rāua	This is a confidential matter, I shall only tell it to those two.	speak, speech / secret / this / (unaccomplished asp.) / reveal (make known) / only / away (from the speaker)/ I / (prep. ki+a)towards (someone)/ they two
	No ʻea mai rāua ?	Where have the two of them been? / What have they been doing?	from / (time and space interr.) / (indicating progression of time towards present) / they two

Plural pronoun examples

Pronoun	Cook Islands Maori	English	Word-to-word and gloss
Tātou : We, us (you -2 or more- and I)	Koʻai tā tātou e tiaki nei	Who are we waiting for?	Who (subject marker+identity interr.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / (progressive asp.) / wait for / here and now
	Kāre ā tātou kai toe	We have no more food.	(Negation asp.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / eat, food / remain, remaining, the rest
Mātou : we, us (they and I)	Ko mātou ma Tere mā i ʻaere mai ei	We came with Tere and the others.	(subject marker)/ we (exclusive) / with, and / Tere / (part used only after persons meaning those in company with / (accomplisshed asp.) / go / (movement towards speaker) / (emphasis marks)
	Kua kite mai koe ia mātou	You saw us.	(perfect asp.) / see(towards speaker) / you / at someone (i+a) / we (exclusive)
Kōtou : (all of you)	E ʻaere atu kōtou, ka āru atu au	You go on, and I'll follow.	(imperative asp.)/ go / (away from the speaker) / you all / (unaccomplished asp.) / follow / go / (away from the speaker) / I
	Ko kōtou koʻai mā i aere ei ki te tautai? listenⓘ	Who did you go fishing with?	(Subject marker) / you all / who (identity interr.) / in company with / (accomplished asp.) / go / (emphasis) / (goal/destination) / the / fishing
Rātou : they, them (more than two)	Kua pekapeka rātou ko Tere	They and Tere have quarrelled.	(perfect asp.)/ trouble / they all / (subject marker)/ Tere
	Nō rātou te pupu māroʻiroʻi	They have the strongest team.	(Possession) / they all / the / team (litt. group of people) / strong

Tense-Aspect-Mood markers

Marker	Aspect	Examples
Tē... nei	present continuous	Tē manako nei au i te ʻoki ki te ʻare : I am thinking of going back to the house Tē kata nei rātou : They are laughing Kāre au e tanu nei i te pia : I'm not planting any arrowroot
Kia	Mildly imperative or exhortatory, expressing a desire, a wish rather than a strong command.	Kia vave mai! : be quick ! (don't be long!) Kia viviki mai! : be quick (don't dawdle!) Kia manuia! : good luck! Kia rave ana koe i tēnā ʻangaʻanga  : would you do that job Kia tae mai ki te angaʻanga ā te pōpongi Mōnitē : come to work on Monday morning Teia te tātāpaka, kia kai koe : Here's the breadfruit pudding, eat up
e	Imperative, order	e ʻeke koe ki raro : you get down e tū ki kō : stand over there
Auraka	interdiction, don't	Auraka rava koe e ʻāmiri i tēia niuniu ora, ka ʻutiʻutiʻia koe : don't on any account touch this live wire, you'll get a shock
kāre	indicate the negation, not, nothing, nowhere	Kāre nō te ua : It will not rain Kāre a Tī tuatua : Tī doesn't have anything to say
e... ana	habitual action or state	E ʻaere ana koe ki te ʻura : Do you go to the dance? E noʻo ana aia ki Nikao i tē reira tuātau : he used to live in Nikao at that time
Ka	Refers prospectively to the commencement of an action or state. Often translatable as the English future tense or "going to" construction	Ka imene a Mere ākonei ite pō : Mary is going to sing later on tonight Kua kite au ē ka riri a Tere : I know (or knew) that Tere will (or would) be angry
Kua	translatable as the English simple past or present tense (with adjectives)	Kua kite mai koe ia mātou : You saw us Kua meitaki koe ? : Are you better now? Kua oti te tārekareka : the match is over now

Most of the preceding examples were taken from Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moekaʻa, Auckland, 1995.

Possessives

Like most other Polynesian languages (Tahitian, New Zealand Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan ...), Cook Islands Māori has two categories of possessives, "a" and "o".

Generally, the "a" category is used when the possessor has or had control over the initiation of the possessive relationship. Usually this means that the possessor is superior or dominant to what is owned, or that the possession is considered as alienable. The "o" category is used when the possessor has or had no control over the initiation of the relationship. This usually means that the possessor is subordinate or inferior to what is owned, or that the possession is considered to be inalienable.

The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories:

• a is used in speaking of
  • Movable property, instruments,
  • Food and drink,
  • Husband, wife, children, grandchildren, girlfriend, boyfriend,
  • Animals and pets, (except for horses)
  • People in an inferior position

Te puaka a tērā vaʻine : the pig belonging to that woman;

ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children;

Kāre ā Tupe mā ika inapō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night

Tāku ; Tāʻau ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ; Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…

Ko tāku vaʻine tēia : This is my wife;

Ko tāna tāne tērā : That's her husband;

Tā kotou ʻapinga : your possession(s);

Tā Tare ʻapinga : Tērā possession(s);

• o is used in speaking of
  • Parts of anything
  • Feelings
  • Buildings and transport (including horses)
  • Clothes
  • Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children…)
  • Superiors

Te ʻare o Tere : The house belonging to Tere;

ō Tere pare : Tere's hat;

Kāre ō Tina noʻo anga e noʻo ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;

Tōku ; Tōʻou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ; Tō māua…: my, mine  ; your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …

Ko tōku ʻare tēia : This is my house;

I tōku manako, ka tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right;

Tēia tōku, tērā tōʻou : This is mine here, that's yours over there

Vocabulary

• Pia : Polynesian arrowroot
• Kata : laugh at; laughter;
  • kata ʻāviri : ridicule, jeer, mock
• Tanu : to plant, cultivate land
• ʻangaʻanga : work, job
• Pōpongi : morning
• Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding
• ʻura : dance, to dance
• Tuātau : time, period, season ;
  • ē tuātau ʻua atu : forever
• ʻīmene : to sing, song
• Riri : be angry with (ki)
• Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game

Dialectology

Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Māori are identical, there are some differences:

Rarotonga	Aitutaki	Mangaia	Ngāputoru	Manihiki	Tongareva	English
tuatua	ʻautara	taratara	araara	vananga	akaiti	speak, speech
ʻānau		ʻānau	ʻānau	fanau	hanau	family
kūmara	kūʻara	kūʻara	kūmara	kūmara	kumala	sweet potatoes
kāre	kāʻore, ʻāʻore	eʻi, ʻāore	ʻāita, kāre	kaua, kāre	kore	no, not
tātā	kiriti	tātā	tātā	tātā	tata	write
ʻura	koni	ʻura	ʻingo, oriori, ʻura	hupahupa	kosaki	dance
ʻakaipoipo	ʻakaipoipo	ʻāʻāipoipo	ʻakaipoipo	fakaipoipo	selenga	wedding
ʻīkoke	koroio	rakiki	tūngāngā	hikoke	mokisi	thin
ʻare	ʻare	ʻare	ʻare	fare	hare	house
maʻata	ʻatupaka	ngao	nui, nunui, ranuinui	kore reka	polia	big
matū, pete	ngenengene	pori	poripori	menemene	suesue	fat

Demographics

Place	Cook Islands Māori-speaking population
Cook Islands	13,620
New Zealand	7,725
New South Wales	1,612[7]
Queensland	1,609[8]
Victoria	1,468[9]
Western Australia	308[10]
South Australia	63[10]
Australian Capital Territory	28[11]
Northern Territory	21[12]
Tasmania	10[13]

Notes

Sources

External links

• Cook Islands Maori Database
• Dictionary of Cook Islands Languages.
• Te akataka reo Rarotonga; or, Rarotongan and English grammar by the Rev Aaron Buzacott of the London Missionary Society, Rarotonga. 1854. Old grammar in english and Rarotongan
• "Tuatua mai!" Learn Cook Islands Maori
• Te Reo Maori Act 2003
• SBS Cook Islands Maori Radio Program. Archived 2017-11-26 at the Wayback Machine Updated each week
• Cook Islands Biodiversity : Natural History Māori Dictionaries Archived 2011-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
• Cook Islands Maori Dictionary Online version of Jasper Buse and Raututi Taringa Dictionary
• Cook Islands Ministry of Cultural Development Archived 2006-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
• Te Reo Māori Kūki ʻĀirani i roto i te Kurakarāma o Aotearoa (Cook Islands Maori in the New Zealand Curriculum) Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
• Collected songs and legends from the southern Cook Islands (c. 1883–1912) at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
• Box of 324 index cards of plant and animal names archived with Kaipuleohone
• Paradisec has an open access collection of Cook Island Maori materials
• Materials on Cook Islands Maori are included in the open access [Arthur Capell] collection (AC1) held by Paradisec.

Major languageIndigenous languages

New Zealand	New Zealand Māori Moriori
Cook Islands	Cook Islands Māori Penrhyn Pukapukan Rakahanga-Manihiki
Niue	Niuean
Tokelau	Tokelauan

Sign languages