Mesannepada

King of Kish, King of Ur
Mesannepada
๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’•
King of Kish, King of Ur

Cylinder seal impression of "Mesanepada, king of Kish", excavated in the Royal Cemetery at Ur (U. 13607).[1][2][3] The seal shows Gilgamesh and the mythical bull between two lions, one of the lions biting him in the shoulder. On each side of this group appears Enkidu and a hunter-hero, with a long beard and a Kish-style headdress, armed with a dagger. Under the text, four runners with beard and long hair form a human Swastika. They are armed with daggers and catch each other's foot.[3] University of Pennsylvania. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, UPM 31.16.677.[1]
Reignfl. c. 2600 BC
PredecessorMeskalamdug
SuccessorA'annepada
HouseFirst Dynasty of Ur
Mesannepada is located in Near East
Ur
Ur
Kish
Kish
Mari
Mari
class=notpageimage|
Location of Ur, Kish and Mari

Mesannepada (Sumerian: ๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’•, Mesannipร dda [MES-AN-NE2-PAD3-DA]), Mesh-Ane-pada or Mes-Anne-pada ("Youngling chosen by An") was the first king listed for the First Dynasty of Ur (c. 26th century BC) on the Sumerian king list.[4] He is listed to have ruled for 80 years, having overthrown Lugal-kitun of Uruk: "Then Unug (Uruk) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)".[5] In one of his seals, found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, he is also described as king of Kish.[6][2]

Filiation

The "Treasure of Ur" discovered in Mari

The "Lion eagle", another object found in the dedication deposit of the "Treasure of Ur".[7]

Mesannepada was a son of Meskalamdug.[8] A lapis-lazuli bead with the name of King Meskalamdug was found in Mari, in the so-called "Treasure of Ur", and reads:[9][10][11]

๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’Œฆ / ๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’• / ๐’ˆ—๐’‹€๐’€Š๐’†  / ๐’Œ‰๐’ˆฉ๐’Œฆ๐’„ญ / ๐’ˆ—๐’†ง๐’†  / ๐’€€ ๐’ˆฌ๐’ˆพ๐’Š’

dlugal-kalam / mes-an-ne2-pa3-da / lugal uri5ki / dumu mes-ug-du10 / lugal kishki / a munaru

"To god Lugalkalam ("the Lord of the Land", identified with Dagan or Enlil), Mesannepada, king of Ur, son of Meskalamdug, king of Kish, has consecrated this bead""

โ€” Mesannepada Mari bead[12][13][9][10][14][15]

Initially, it was thought that this bead (reference M. 4439) referred to a gift by Mesannepada to a king of Mari named Gansud or Ansud.[20][21] This has now been corrected with the translation given above.[9][10] The God "Lugal-kalam" (๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’Œฆ, "Lord of the Land") to whom the dedication is made, is otherwise known in a dedication by a local ruler ล aba (ล alim) of Mari, also as Lugal-kalam, or in the dedication of Ishtup-Ilum where he is named "Lugal-mฤtim" (๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’ˆค๐’ด, "Lord of the Land"), and is considered identical with the local deity Dagan, or Enlil.[22]

It is unclear how this bead came to be in Mari, but this points to some kind of relation between Ur and Mari at that time.[23] The bead was discovered in a jar containing other objects from Ur or Kish, the so-called "Treasure of Ur".[24][25] The jar was recognized as an offering for the foundation of a temple in Mari.[26] Similar dedication beads have also been found from later rulers, such as Shulgi who engraved two carnelian beads with dedication to his gods c. 2100 BC.[27]

A'annepada dedication tablet

A'annepada tablet inscription (with transcription in standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform), mentioning his father Mesannepada. British Museum, BM 116982.[28] Discovered in Tell Al-'Ubaid.[29]

Several dedication tablets by "A'annepada, son of Mesannepada" for the god Ninhursag are also known, which all have similar content:[30][29]

Dnin-hur-sag / a-an-ne2-pa3-da / lugal uri5{ki} / dumu mes-an-ne2-pa3-da / lugal uri5{ki} /Dnin-hur-sag-ra / e2 mu-na-du3
"For Nin-hursag: A'annepada, king of Ur, son of Mesannepada, king of Ur, built the temple for Ninhursag."

โ€” Dedication tablet by King A'annepada, British Museum, BM 116982.[29][28][5]

Sumerian King List

Mesannepada appears in the Sumerian King List, as the first ruler of the First Dynasty of Ur

Mesannepada appears in the Sumerian King List, as the first ruler of the First Dynasty of Ur, and is credited with a reign of 80 years. His successors are also named:

"... Uruk with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur Mesannepada was king, 80 years he ruled; Meskiagnun, son of Mesannepada, was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu, 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.

โ€” Sumerian King List, 137-147.[31]

It is considered unlikely for a king to inherit a throne in his childhood and reign thereafter for 80 years.[5] The length of the son's reign was probably added to that of the father.[5]

Old Babylonian tablet: the Tummal Chronicle

Mesannepada and his other son are also mentioned in an Old Babylonian tablet (1900-1600 BC), the Tummal Inscription, relating the accomplishments of several kings. Such tablets are usually copies of older tablets, now lost:

"En-me-barage-si, the king, built the Iri-nanam in Enlil's temple. Aga, son of En-me-barage-si, made the Tummal flourish and brought Ninlil into the Tummal. Then the Tummal fell into ruins for the first time. Meลก-Ane-pada built the Bur-ลกuลกua in Enlil's temple. Meskiagnun, son of Meลก-Ane-pada, made the Tummal flourish and brought Ninlil into the Tummal."

โ€” Old Babylonian tablet Tummal Inscription (1900-1600 BC)[32][33]

Reign

Mesannepada is associated with an expansion of Ur, at least diplomatically.[34][35] A lapis-lazuli bead in the name of Mesannepada was found in Mari, and formed part of the "Treasure of Ur", made for the dedication of a temple in Mari. Seals from the royal cemetery at Ur have also been found bearing the names of Mesannepada and his predecessors Meskalamdug and Akalamdug, along with Queen Puabi. A seal impression in the name of "Mesannepada, king of Kish" was found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.[3]

Mesannepada, Lugal Kish-ki (๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’• ๐’ˆ— ๐’†ง๐’† ), "Mesannepada, King of Kish", on a seal impression found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.[2][3] The last column of characters, is thought to mean "his wife..." (๐’ฎ๐’‰ก๐’ผ, dam-nu-gig).[2] This could also mean "the spouse of Inanna.[36]
Cylinder seal inscribed "Queen Nintur, wife of Mesannepadda" (Nintur ereลก, dam Mesannepada). Royal Cemetery at Ur.[37][38][39]

Mesannepada, and his son and successor Meskiagnun, who reigned 36 years,[5] are both named on the Tummal Inscription as upkeepers of the main temple in Nippur along with Gilgamesh of Uruk and his son Ur-Nungal, verifying their status as overlords of Sumer. Judging from the inscriptions, Mesannepada then assumed the title "King of Kish",[6] to indicate his hegemony.[40]

Another son of Mesannepada, named Aannepadda, (Aja-ane-pada or A-Anne-pada, "father chosen by An"), whose years of reigned are unknown,[5] is known for having the temple of Ninhursag constructed (at modern Ubaid) near el-Obed, though he is not named on the kinglist.[4]

A small ziggurat beneath the structure built at Ur by Ur-Nammu may date back to the time of Mes-Anne-pada.[41]

In the 1950s, Edmund I. Gordon conjectured that Mesannepada, and an archaeologically attested early "king of Kish", Mesilim, were one and the same, as their names were interchanged in certain proverbs in later Babylonian tablets; however this has not proved conclusive. More recent scholars tend to regard them as distinct, usually placing Mesilim in Kish before Mesannepada.[42]

  • Mesannepada seal (combat scene)
    Mesannepada seal (combat scene)
  • Mesannepada seal (human wheel scene)
    Mesannepada seal (human wheel scene)

Royal Cemetery of Ur

Mesannapeda's tomb may have been located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. It has been suggested that tomb PG 1232, or PG 1237, nicknamed "the Great Death-Pit," might belong to him.[8]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mesannepada.
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References

  1. ^ a b For a modern photograph: Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. 1998. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-924171-54-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Hall, H. R.; Woolley, Leonard; Legrain, Leon (1900). Ur excavations. Trustees of the Two Museums by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. p. 312.
  3. ^ a b c d Image of a Mesanepada seal in: Legrain, Lรฉon (1936). UR EXCAVATIONS VOLUME III ARCHAIC SEAL-IMPRESSIONS (PDF). THE TRUSTEES OF THE TWO MUSEUMS BY THE AID OF A GRANT FROM THE CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK. p. 44 seal 518 for description, Plate 30, seal 518 for image.
  4. ^ a b Romano Garcรญa, Vicente (1965). Ur, Asur y Babilonia. Tres milenios de cultura en Mesopotamia. Madrid: Ediciones Castilla. p. 33.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Finegan 2015, p. 33, Mesopotamian Beginnings.
  6. ^ a b Katz 1993, p. 16.
  7. ^ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  8. ^ a b Reade 2003, p. 96.
  9. ^ a b c Description with photograph: Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  10. ^ a b c Orientalia: Vol. 73. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 183.
  11. ^ For the discovery of the "Treasure of Ur" and detailed content of the jar, see: Parrot, Andrรฉ (1965). "Les Fouilles de Mari". Syria. Archรฉologie, Art et Histoire. 42 (3): 197โ€“225. doi:10.3406/syria.1965.5808.
  12. ^ Orientalia: Vol. 73. Gregorian Biblical BookShop.
  13. ^ "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  14. ^ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  15. ^ "Mission archรฉologique de Mari" volume 4, p. 44, fig. 35 (photo); p. 53, fig. 36
  16. ^ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  17. ^ Object at time of discovery
  18. ^ Malamat, Abraham (1971). "Mari". The Biblical Archaeologist. 34 (1): 4. doi:10.2307/3210950. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210950. S2CID 224795669.
  19. ^ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  20. ^ Parrot, Andrรฉ (1965). "Les Fouilles de Mari". Syria. 42 (3): 220. doi:10.3406/syria.1965.5808.
  21. ^ orientalia Vol.38. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 358.
  22. ^ Orientalia: Vol. 73. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 322.
  23. ^ orientalia Vol.38. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 358.
  24. ^ Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to ... Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. pp. 139โ€“145. ISBN 9781588390431.
  25. ^ Matthews 1997, p. 108.
  26. ^ Spycket, Agnรจs (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. p. 80. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
  27. ^ McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2.
  28. ^ a b "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  29. ^ a b c "British Museum, tablet".
  30. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  31. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  32. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  33. ^ Sollberger, Edmond (1962). "The Tummal Inscription". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 16 (2): 40โ€“47. doi:10.2307/1359332. ISSN 0022-0256. JSTOR 1359332. S2CID 163735651.
  34. ^ Matthews 1997, p. 1, Introduction.
  35. ^ Matthews 1997, p. 2, Introduction.
  36. ^ MAEDA, TOHRU (1981). "KING OF KISH" IN PRE-SARGONIC SUMER. Orient: The Reports of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, Volume 17. p. 8.
  37. ^ Orientalia: Vol. 73. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 176.
  38. ^ "Cylinder Seal - B16852 Collections - Penn Museum". www.penn.museum.
  39. ^ Finegan 2019, p. 41.
  40. ^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). "History: Heroes, Kings and Ensi's". The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780226452388.
  41. ^ Finegan 2015, p. 43, Mesopotamian Beginnings.
  42. ^ Finegan 2019, p. 46.

Bibliography

  • Finegan, Jack (2015). Light from the Ancient Past: The Archaeological Background of the Hebrew-Christian Religion. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. p. 652. ISBN 9781400875153.
  • Finegan, Jack (2019). Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5.
  • Katz, Dina (1993). Gilgamesh and Akka. Brill Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 9789072371676.
  • Matthews, Donald M. (1997). The Early Glyptic of Tell Brak: Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Syria. Saint-Paul. p. 311. ISBN 9783525538968.
  • Reade, Julian (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Sumer
ca. 26th century BC 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ensรญ of Ur
ca. 26th century BC
  • v
  • t
  • e
Rulers of the Ancient Near East
Territories/
dates
[1][2][3][4][5]		 Egypt Canaan Ebla Mari Kish/
Assur		 Akshak/
Akkad		 Uruk Adab Umma
 Lagash Ur Elam
4000โ€“3200 BCE Naqada I
Naqada II
Gebel el-Arak Knife 		Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Pre-Dynastic period (4000โ€“2900 BCE) Susa I

Uruk period
(4000โ€“3100 BCE)


(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)

(Anonymous "King-priests") 		Susa II
Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows
(Uruk influence or control)
3200โ€“3100 BCE Proto-Dynastic period
(Naqada III)
Early or legendary kings:
Upper Egypt
Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes 		Lower Egypt
Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100โ€“2900 BCE Early Dynastic Period
First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer Palette
Narmer Palette

Narmer Menes Neithhotepโ™€ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneithโ™€ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird 		Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period
(3100โ€“2900 BCE) 		Proto-Elamite
period
(Susa III)
(3100โ€“2700 BCE)
2900 BCE Second Dynasty of Egypt

Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy
Khasekhemwy 		Early Dynastic Period I (2900โ€“2700 BCE)
First Eblaite
Kingdom
 First kingdom of Mari
 Kish I dynasty
Jushur, Kullassina-bel
Nangishlishma,
En-tarah-ana
Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE


Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab
Mashda Arwium Etana
Balih En-me-nuna
Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna 		Uruk I dynasty
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE Early Dynastic Period II (2700โ€“2600 BCE)
Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku
Iltasadum 		Lugalbanda
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6]
Aga of Kish Aga of Kish Gilgamesh Old Elamite period
(2700โ€“1500 BCE)

Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE Third Dynasty of Egypt

Djoser
Saqqarah Djeser pyramid
(First Egyptian pyramids)
Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni 		Early Dynastic Period III (2600โ€“2340 BCE)
Sagisu
Abur-lim
Agur-lim
Ibbi-Damu
Baba-Damu 		Kish II dynasty
(5 kings)
Uhub
Mesilim 		Ur-Nungal
Udulkalama
Labashum 		Lagash
En-hegal
Lugal-
shaengur 		Ur
A-Imdugud
Ur-Pabilsag
Meskalamdug
(Queen Puabi)
Akalamdug
Enun-dara-anna
Mes-he
Melamanna
Lugal-kitun 		Adab
Nin-kisalsi
Me-durba
Lugal-dalu
2575 BCE Old Kingdom of Egypt
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Snefru Khufu

Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis 		Ur I dynasty
Mesannepada
"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE) Second kingdom of Mari

Ikun-Shamash
Iku-Shamagan
Iku-Shamagan


Ansud
Sa'umu
Ishtup-Ishar
Ikun-Mari
Iblul-Il
Nizi 		Kish III dynasty
Ku-Babaโ™€ 		Akshak dynasty
Unzi
Undalulu 		Uruk II dynasty
Ensha-
kushanna 		Mug-si Umma I dynasty

Pabilgagaltuku 		Lagash I dynasty

Ur-Nanshe


Akurgal 		A'annepada
Meskiagnun
Elulu
Balulu 		Awan dynasty
Peli
Tata
Ukkutahesh
Hishur
2450 BCE Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas 		Enar-Damu
Ishar-Malik 		Ush
Enakalle
Elamite invasions
(3 kings)[6] 		Shushun-
tarana
Napilhush
2425 BCE Kun-Damu Eannatum
(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE Adub-Damu
Igrish-Halam
Irkab-Damu 		Kish IV dynasty
Puzur-Suen
Ur-Zababa 		Urur Lugal-kinishe-dudu
Lugal-kisalsi 		E-iginimpa'e
Meskigal 		Ur-Lumma
Il
Gishakidu
(Queen Bara-irnun) 		Enannatum
Entemena
Enannatum II
Enentarzi 		Ur II dynasty
Nanni
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 		Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah
Kneeling statuette of Pepy I 		Adab dynasty
Lugalannemundu
"King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE Isar-Damu Enna-Dagan
Ikun-Ishar
Ishqi-Mari 		Invasion by Mari
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6] 		Ukush Lugalanda
Urukagina 		Luh-ishan
2350 BCE Puzur-Nirah
Ishu-Il
Shu-Sin 		Uruk III dynasty
Lugalzagesi
(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
2340 BCE Akkadian Period (2340โ€“2150 BCE)
Akkadian Empire

Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu 		Akkadian Governors:
Eshpum
Ilshu-rabi
Epirmupi
Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE Naram-Sin Lugal-ushumgal
(vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE First Intermediate Period
Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare 		Second Eblaite
Kingdom 		Third kingdom of Mari
(Shakkanakku
dynasty)

Ididish
Shu-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan
(Vassals of the Akkadians)
Shar-Kali-Sharri
Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)
Dudu
Shu-turul 		Uruk IV dynasty
Ur-nigin
Ur-gigir 		Lagash II dynasty
Puzer-Mama
Ur-Ningirsu I
Pirig-me
Lu-Baba
Lu-gula
Ka-ku
 Hishep-Ratep
Helu
Khita
Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut 		Ur III period (2150โ€“2000 BCE)
Nรปr-Mรชr
Ishtup-Ilum

Ishgum-Addu
Apil-kin 		Gutian dynasty
(21 kings)

La-erabum
Si'um 		Kuda (Uruk)
Puzur-ili
Ur-Utu 		Umma II dynasty
Lugalannatum
(vassal of the Gutians) 		Ur-Baba
Gudea

Ur-Ningirsu
Ur-gar
Nam-mahani

Tirigan
2125 BCE Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare


Uruk V dynasty
Utu-hengal
2100 BCE (Vassals of UR III) Iddi-ilum
Ili-Ishar
Tura-Dagan
Puzur-Ishtar
(Vassals of Ur III)[7] 		Ur III dynasty
"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE Amorite invasions Ibbi-Sin Elamite invasions
Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Third Eblaite
Kingdom
(Amorites)
Ibbit-Lim

Immeya Indilimma 		(Amorite Shakkanakkus)
Hitial-Erra
Hanun-Dagan
(...)


Lim Dynasty
of Mari
(Amorites)
Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu) 		Old Assyria
Puzur-Ashur I
Shalim-ahum
Ilu-shuma
Erishum I
Ikunum
Sargon I
Puzur-Ashur II
Naram-Sin
Erishum II 		Isin-Larsa period
(Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu
Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II
Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sรฎn-kฤลกid Sรฎn-iribam Sรฎn-gฤmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-iliลกu 		Sukkalmah dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferuโ™€
1800โ€“1595 BCE Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 		Abraham
(Biblical)
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon 		Yamhad
(Yamhad dynasty)
(Amorites) 		Old Assyria

(Shamshi-Adad dynasty
1808โ€“1736 BCE)
(Amorites)
Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Non-dynastic usurpers
1735โ€“1701 BCE)
Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi

(Adaside dynasty
1700โ€“722 BCE)
Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II

First Babylonian dynasty
("Old Babylonian Period")
(Amorites)
Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana

Early Kassite rulers

Second Babylonian dynasty
("Sealand Dynasty")
Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu
Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar
mDIล +U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama
Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil

Second Intermediate Period
Sixteenth
Dynasty
Abydos
Dynasty
Seventeenth
Dynasty

Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos

Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi 		Mitanni
(1600โ€“1260 BCE)
Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531โ€“1155 BCE
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
New Kingdom of Egypt
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ahmose I Amenhotep I
Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)
Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi 		Middle Elamite period

(1500โ€“1100 BCE)
Kidinuid dynasty
Igehalkid dynasty
Untash-Napirisha

Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsutโ™€ Thutmose III
Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuatenโ™€ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite Empire

Ugarit
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosretโ™€ 		Elamite Empire
Shutrukid dynasty
Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155โ€“1025 BCE Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II

Phoenicia
Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon

Kingdom of Israel
Saul
Ish-bosheth
David
Solomon 		Syro-Hittite states Middle Assyria
Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II 		Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur 		Neo-Elamite period (1100โ€“540 BCE)
1025โ€“934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabรป-mukin-apli
911โ€“745 BCE Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV

Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini

Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Tefnakht Bakenranef

Kingdom of Samaria

Kingdom of Judah 		Neo-Assyrian Empire
Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramatโ™€ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Ninth Babylonian Dynasty
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
 Humban-Tahrid dynasty

Urtak
Teumman
Ummanigash
Tammaritu I
Indabibi
Humban-haltash III
745โ€“609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa
Taharqa
("Black Pharaohs")
Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun 		Neo-Assyrian Empire

(Sargonid dynasty)
Tiglath-Pileserโ€  Shalmaneserโ€  Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargonโ€  Sennacheribโ€  Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumiโ€  Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddonโ€  Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II

Assyrian conquest of Egypt Assyrian conquest of Elam
626โ€“539 BCE Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III 		Neo-Babylonian Empire
Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus 		Median Empire
Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539โ€“331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt) 		Kings of Byblos
Kings of Tyre
Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331โ€“141 BCE Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe IIโ™€ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetisโ™€ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopatorโ™€ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syraโ™€ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soterโ™€ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra IIIโ™€ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IVโ™€ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice IIIโ™€ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra Vโ™€ Cleopatra VI Tryphaenaโ™€ Berenice IV Epiphaneaโ™€ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopatorโ™€ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IVโ™€ 		Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
Argead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV
Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus I
Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141โ€“30 BCE Kingdom of Judea
Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandraโ™€ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias 		Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian Empire
Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCEโ€“116 CE Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt 		Judea Syria
116โ€“117 CE Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan Parthamaspates of Parthia
117โ€“224 CE Syria Palaestina Province of Mesopotamia Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224โ€“270 CE Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270โ€“273 CE Palmyrene Empire
Vaballathus Zenobiaโ™€ Antiochus
273โ€“395 CE Roman Empire
Province of Egypt Syria Palaestina Syria Province of Mesopotamia
395โ€“618 CE Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia
618โ€“628 CE (Sasanian conquest of Egypt)
Province of Egypt
Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz 		Sasanian Empire
Province of Asoristan
Khosrow II Kavad II
628โ€“641 CE Byzantine Empire Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boranโ™€ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokhtโ™€ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia
639โ€“651 CE Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
  1. ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
  2. ^ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48โ€“49.
  3. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
  4. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  5. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532โ€“534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
  6. ^ a b c Per Sumerian King List
  7. ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.