American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact
- Japan
- South Korea
- United States
The American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact, Camp David Principles (JAROKUS) is a security pact between Japan, South Korea, and the United States which was announced on August 18, 2023, at Camp David in the United States. The pact commits the three countries to a set of agreements and is regarded as one of the U.S. led international security alliances, including Quad Plus and AUKUS.[1]
Background
Japan–South Korea relations
From 1910 to 1945, Korea was ruled by the Empire of Japan. Under Japanese rule, Korean women—primarily from South Korea—were forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army. Japan's rule of Korea has strained relations between the two countries.[2] With the incoming administrations of South Korean president Yoon Suk Yeol and Japanese prime minister Fumio Kishida, both countries made significant amends. In March 2023, Yoon ended the South Korean government's requests to Japanese companies to pay Korean laborers enslaved during World War II.[3] South Korea and Japan have supported Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine as China and Russia have furthered their relations.[4]
Indo-Pacific threats
China's presence in the Indo-Pacific region has concerned the United States; relations between the two countries has remained low.[5] In October 2022, North Korea fired a missile over Japan,[6] followed by a nuclear threat to South Korea in March 2023.[7] Through an agreement with the United States, Japan and South Korea have real-time information on North Korea's ballistic missiles.[8]
In April 2023, U.S. President Joe Biden announced that any attacks against South Korea by North Korea would result in the "end" of Kim Jong Un's rule. At the White House, Yoon vowed to produce nuclear weapons.[9] Japan declined to participate in a move attributed by the United States to domestic politics.[10]
Camp David summit
At Camp David on 18 August 2023, Biden announced the pact,[11] marking the first time that international leaders visited the retreat since 2015, when then-president Barack Obama held a Gulf Cooperation Council summit there. The summit was the first time in Biden's presidency that journalists were allowed on Camp David's grounds.[12]
Implementation
The pact implements a formal casus foederis in which a threat to one member constitutes a threat against all, but does not mirror Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty; the response to an attack against one member must be discussed. The pact also improves trilateral ballistic missile defense and military exercises. The three countries will develop a security framework for the Indo-Pacific region.[10]
The first Indo-Pacific Dialogue, building upon commitments made during the August 2023 Camp David summit, was held in Washington D.C. on January 5, 2024.[13] In a joint statement released by the US State Department, which described the dialogue mechanism (that will be hosted annually) as a new chapter in the trilateral relationship, Japan (represented by foreign ministry foreign policy bureau director-general Kobe Yasuhiro), Korea (represented by deputy minister for political affairs Chung Byung-won), and the US (represented by Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Daniel J. Kritenbrink) focused on discussing collaborating with Southeast Asian and Pacific Island countries and emphasized the need for regional economic security enhancement.[13]
See also
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
- AUKUS
- United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China
- Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration
References
- ^ Lee, Christy (2023-09-07). "Proposed Naval Drills Signal Closer Military Cooperation Among Moscow, Beijing, Pyongyang". Voice of America. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ Lebowitz, Megan (18 August 2023). "Biden strengthens U.S. ties with Japan and South Korea as leaders meet at Camp David". NBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (March 5, 2023). "Historical Disputes Kept Them at Odds. Can Seoul and Tokyo Make Amends?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Wong, Edward (May 24, 2022). "Russia and China Held Military Exercise in East Asia as Biden Visited". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri (16 August 2023). "US, Japan and South Korea to deepen security ties to deter China". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Rich, Motoko; Sang-Hun, Choe (October 3, 2022). "North Korea Fires Powerful Missile, Using Old Playbook in a New World". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (March 24, 2023). "North Korea Says It Tested a Nuclear-Capable Underwater Attack Drone". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ "Japan, South Korea to link radar systems to track N.Korea missiles". Reuters. May 9, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Sanger, David (26 April 2023). "In Turn to Deterrence, Biden Vows 'End' of North Korean Regime if It Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ a b Baker, Peter (18 August 2023). "Biden Welcomes Japanese and South Korean Leaders to Camp David Summit". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri (18 August 2023). "Camp David pact eases Japan-South Korea tensions". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Pager, Tyler (18 August 2023). "At Camp David, Biden's fondness for retreat outpaces immediate predecessors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Joint Statement on the Trilateral United States-Japan-Republic of Korea Indo-Pacific Dialogue". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
External links
- White House Briefing for Camp David Principles
- Japanese MOFA Briefing for trilateral summit
- South Korean MOFA news for trilateral summit
- v
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(1854–1868)
- Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
- Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
- Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
- Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) [ja]
- Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
- Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) [ja]
- Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
- Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
- London Protocol (1862)
- Agreement of Paris (1864) [ja]
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
- Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
(1868–1912)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
- Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
- Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
- Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
- Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
- US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
- Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
- Convention of Tientsin (1885)
- Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
- Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
- Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
- Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
- Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895) [ja]
- Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) [ja]
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
- Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
- Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896) [ja]
- Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
- Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
- Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
- Boxer Protocol (1901)
- Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
- Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
- Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
- Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
- Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905) [ja]
- Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
- Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
- Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
- Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
- Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909) [ja]
- Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
- Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
- North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
(1913–1945)
- Japan-China Treaty of 1915
- Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
- Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
- Treaty of Versailles (1919)
- Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
- Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
- Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
- Svalbard Treaty (1920)
- Gongota Agreement of 1920
- Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
- Treaty of Trianon (1921)
- Four-Power Treaty (1921)
- Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
- Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922) [ja]
- Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
- Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
- Klaipėda Convention (1924)
- Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
- German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
- Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
- Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
- London Naval Treaty (1930)
- Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
- Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
- Tanggu Truce (1933)
- India-Japan Agreement of 1934
- Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935) [ja]
- He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
- Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
- Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
- Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
- Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
- Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
- India-Japan Agreement of 1937
- Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
- Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
- Tripartite Pact (1940)
- Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
- Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) [ja]
- Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
- Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
- Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941) [ja]
- Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
(1945–1989)
- Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
- Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
- Treaty of Taipei (1952)
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
- Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
- Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
- Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
- Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
- Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
- Tokyo Convention (1963)
- Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
- Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
- Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
- Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
- Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
- Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
- Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
- Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
(1989–)
- US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
- South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
- Kyoto Protocol (1997)
- Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
- Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
- American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)